Also called Minimal Important Difference (MID). Also known as clinical significance, this is the smallest change in effect that is meaningful to the patient and/or healthcare professional.Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) For example, considering the mean difference in height between two groups of people, if the CIs around the point estimate include 0, the conclusion would be that there was no significant difference in height between groups. NOTE: When considering absolute numbers, if the CI includes 0 then there is no significant difference. Therefore, if the CI includes 1 then it is uncertain whether the true value would be above or below 1, i.e., whether events are more likely in the treatment or control group, so overall there is no statistical significant difference.If the RR/OR/HR If the RR/OR/HR >1, and the CI does not include 1, events are significantly more likely in the treatment than the control group.If the RR, OR, or HR = 1, or the confidence interval (CI) = 1, then there is no statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups.In a person with an AR of stroke of only 0.025 without treatment, the same treatment will still produce a 20% RRR, but treatment will reduce her AR of stroke to 0.020, giving a much smaller ARR of 2.5% – 2% = 0.5%, and an NNT of 200.If a person's AR of stroke, estimated from his age and other risk factors, is 0.25 without treatment but falls to 0.20 with treatment, the ARR is 25% – 20% = 5%.But the ARR is higher and the NNT lower in people with higher absolute risks. RRR is usually constant across a range of absolute risks.RR of 0.8 means an RRR of 20% (meaning a 20% reduction in the relative risk of the specified outcome in the treatment group compared with the control group).Hazard Ratio (HR) = (risk of outcome in exposed group) / (risk of outcome in non-exposed group), occurring at a given interval of time.Odds Ratio (OR) = (odds of the event in the exposed group) / (odds of the event in the non-exposed group) = (a/b)/(c/d) = ad/bc (from 2x2 table, see below).Number Needed to Harm (NNH) = 1 / (ARt – ARc) As per the PMBOK® Guide Qualitative Risk -The method of prioritizing individual project risks for further analysis or action by assessing their probability of existence and impact as well as other characteristics.Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) = (ARc – ARt) / ARc or RRR = 1 – RR.Relative Risk (RR) = ARt / ARc = (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d)) from 2x2 table, see below Thus, risk management seeks to increase the probability and impact of positive risks and decrease the probability and impact of negative risks.Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = the AR of events in the control group (ARc) - the AR of events in the treatment group (ARt).
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